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From: bostic@toe.CS.Berkeley.EDU (Keith Bostic)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.bsd,comp.bugs.4bsd
Subject: 4.4BSD Release
Date: 29 Jun 1993 21:57:39 GMT
Organization: University of California, Berkeley
Lines: 529
Message-ID: <20qdsj$6rt@agate.berkeley.edu>
NNTP-Posting-Host: toe.cs.berkeley.edu
June 1, 1993
Dear Colleague:
We are happy to send you information about our June
1993 release of 4.4BSD. This distribution is the final
release that will be done by the Computer Systems Research
Group (CSRG). For details on the demise of CSRG, see ``The
End of BSD from Berkeley'' below.
This distribution is intended to be used on production
systems; it has been run extensively at several test sites
and has proven to be stable and reliable. However, because
of the shutdown of the CSRG, there will not be anyone avail-
able at Berkeley to assist with problems, so it should not
be used by sites without enough local expertise to find and
fix any problems that are encountered.
The code in this distribution may be redistributed and
used in released products provided that you abide by the due
credit requirements listed in your license agreement. We
have attempted to make the system as compliant with the
POSIX 1003.1 and 1003.2 standards as was possible at the
time of its release. We have not been able to run it
through any of the verification test suites, thus, you
should not claim conformance with either standard without
first validing the code.
We had planned on releasing two versions of the
software, 4.4BSD-Encumbered and 4.4BSD-Lite. Currently, we
are releasing only 4.4BSD-Encumbered. The 4.4BSD-Encumbered
distribution is available only to sites with UNIX/32V, Sys-
tem III, or System V source licenses with Western Electric,
American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), or UNIX Systems
Laboratories (USL). The 4.4BSD-Encumbered distribution is a
complete distribution in the style of 4.3BSD and contains
the complete source for the Berkeley Distribution.
The 4.4BSD-Lite distribution was to have been a distri-
bution that was copyrighted by the University of California
and others, but could be freely redistributed. It was to
have been available to anyone and require no previous
license, either from USL/Novell or The Regents of the
University of California. Its license agreement and content
would have been similar to that of the two BSD Networking
Releases. However, USL has brought a lawsuit against the
University and the University has voluntarily decided to
withhold the distribution of 4.4BSD-Lite until the lawsuit
is resolved.
The enclosed information is designed to serve two pur-
poses. The first purpose is to acquaint you with the
details of our distribution so you can decide whether you
would like to receive it. The second purpose is to tell you
how to obtain our distribution.
What is 4.4BSD?
This software distribution is provided on one 6250bpi
1/2'' 9-track tape or one 8mm Exabyte cassette only. The
4.4BSD-Encumbered distribution contains complete source as
well as binaries for one of the following three architec-
tures:
+ HP 9000/300 68000-based workstations.
+ DECstation 3100 and 5000 MIPS-based workstations.
+ Sparcstation I & II SPARC-based workstations. Please
note that the SPARC kernel will not run on the Sparcs-
tation 10.
If you wish to obtain binaries for more than one architec-
ture, they may be purchased at the same time for an addi-
tional $500.00 fee.
The distribution supports a somewhat wider set of
machines than those for which we have built binaries. The
architectures that are supported in source form include:
+ HP 9000/300 68000-based workstations
+ Intel 386/486-based machines (ISA/AT or EISA bus only)
+ Sony News MIPS-based workstations
+ Omron Luna 68000-based workstations
+ DECstation 3100 and 5000 MIPS-based workstations
+ Sparcstation I & II SPARC-based workstations
The distribution does not include the machine support for
the Tahoe and VAX architectures found in previous BSD dis-
tributions. Our primary development environment is the
HP9000/300 series machines. The other architectures are
developed and supported by people outside the university.
Consequently, we are not able to directly test or maintain
these other architectures, so cannot comment on their
robustness, reliability, or completeness.
The major new facilities available in the 4.4BSD
release are a new virtual memory system, the addition of
ISO/OSI networking support, a new virtual filesystem inter-
face supporting filesystem stacking, a freely redistribut-
able implementation of NFS, a log-structured filesystem,
enhancement of the local filesystems to support files and
filesystems that are up to 2^63 bytes in size, enhanced
security and system management support, and the conversion
to and addition of the IEEE Std1003.1 (``POSIX'') facilities
and many of the IEEE Std1003.2 facilities. In addition,
many new utilities and additions to the C library are
present as well. The kernel sources have been reorganized
to collect all machine-dependent files for each architecture
under one directory, and most of the machine-independent
code is now free of code conditional on specific machines.
The user structure and process structure have been reorgan-
ized to eliminate the statically-mapped user structure and
to make most of the process resources shareable by multiple
processes. The system and include files have been converted
to be compatible with ANSI C, including function prototypes
for most of the exported functions. There are numerous
other changes throughout the system.
The new virtual memory implementation is derived from
the MACH operating system developed at Carnegie-Mellon, and
was ported to the BSD kernel at the University of Utah. The
MACH virtual memory system call interface has been replaced
with the ``mmap''-based interface described in the ``Berke-
ley Software Architecture Manual'' (see UNIX Programmer's
Manual, Supplementary Documents, PSD:5). The interface is
similar to the interfaces shipped by several commercial ven-
dors such as Sun, USL, and Convex Computer Corp. The
integration of the new virtual memory is functionally com-
plete, but still has serious performance problems under
heavy memory load. The internal kernel interfaces have not
yet been completed and the memory pool and buffer cache have
not been merged.
The ISO/OSI Networking consists of a kernel implementa-
tion of transport class 4 (TP-4), connectionless networking
protocol (CLNP), and 802.3-based link-level support
(hardware-compatible with Ethernet*). We also include
support for ISO Connection-Oriented Network Service, X.25,
TP-0. The session and presentation layers are provided out-
side the kernel by the ISO development environment (ISODE).
Included in this development environment are file transfer
and management (FTAM), virtual terminals (VT), a directory
services implementation (X.500), and miscellaneous other
utilities.
A new virtual filesystem interface has been added to
the kernel to support multiple filesystems. In comparison
with other interfaces, the Berkeley interface has been
structured for more efficient support of filesystems that
maintain state (such as the local filesystem). The inter-
face has been extended with support for stackable filesys-
tems done at UCLA. These extensions allow for filesystems
to be layered on top of each other and allow new vnode
operations to be added without requiring changes to existing
filesystem implementations.
In addition to the local ``fast filesystem'', we have
added an implementation of the network filesystem (NFS) that
fully interoperates with the NFS shipped by Sun and its
licensees. Because our NFS implementation was implemented
using only the publicly available NFS specification, it does
not require a license from Sun to use in source or binary
form. By default it runs over UDP to be compatible with
Sun's implementation. However, it can be configured on a
per-mount basis to run over TCP. Using TCP allows it to be
used quickly and efficiently through gateways and over
long-haul networks. Using an extended protocol, it supports
Leases to allow a limited callback mechanism that greatly
reduces the network traffic necessary to maintain cache con-
sistency between the server and its clients.
A new log-structured filesystem has been added that
provides near disk-speed output and fast crash recovery. It
is still experimental in the 4.4BSD release, so we do not
recommend it for production use. We have also added a
memory-based filesystem that runs in pageable memory, allow-
ing large temporary filesystems without requiring dedicated
physical memory.
The local ``fast filesystem'' has been enhanced to do
clustering which allows large pieces of files to be allo-
cated contiguously resulting in near doubling of filesystem
throughput. The filesystem interface has been extended to
allow files and filesystems to grow to 2^63 bytes in size.
The quota system has been rewritten to support both user and
group quotas (simultaneously if desired). Quota expiration
is based on time rather than the previous metric of number
of logins over quota. This change makes quotas more useful
on fileservers onto which users seldom login.
The system security has been greatly enhanced by the
addition of additional file flags that permit a file to be
marked as immutable or append only. Once set, these flags
can only be cleared by the super-user when the system is
running single user. To protect against indiscriminate
reading or writing of kernel memory, all writing and most
reading of kernel data structures must be done using a new
``sysctl'' interface. The information to be access is
described through an extensible ``Management Information
Base'' (MIB).
The 4.4BSD distribution contains most of the interfaces
specified in the IEEE Std1003.1 system interface standard.
The biggest area of change is a new terminal driver. The
terminal driver is similar to the System V terminal driver
with the addition of the necessary extensions to get the
functionality previously available in the 4.3BSD terminal
driver. 4.4BSD also adds the IEEE Std1003.1 job control
interface, which is similar to the 4.3BSD job control inter-
face, but adds a security model that was missing in the
4.3BSD job control implementation. Other additions include
IEEE Std1003.1 signals, FIFOs, byte-range file locking, and
saved user and group identifiers.
There are several new tools and utilities included in
this release. A new version of make allows much-simplified
makefiles for the system software and allows compilation for
multiple architectures from the same source tree (which may
be mounted read-only). Notable additions to the libraries
include functions to traverse a filesystem hierarchy, data-
base interfaces to btree and hashing functions, a new, fast
implementation of stdio and a radix sort function. The
additions to the utility suite include greatly enhanced ver-
sions of programs that display system status information,
implementations of various traditional tools described in
the IEEE Std1003.2 standard, and many others.
We have been tracking the IEEE Std1003.2 shell and
utility work and have included prototypes of many of the
proposed utilities. Because most of the traditional utili-
ties have been replaced with implementations conformant to
the POSIX standards, you should realize that the utility
software may not be as stable, reliable or well documented
as in traditional Berkeley releases. In particular, almost
the entire manual suite has been rewritten to reflect the
POSIX defined interfaces, and in some instances it does not
correctly reflect the current state of the software. It is
also worth noting that, in rewriting this software, we have
generally been rewarded with significant performance
improvements. Most of the libraries and header files have
been converted to be compliant with ANSI C. The default
compiler (gcc) is a superset of ANSI C, but supports
traditional C as a command-line option. The system
libraries and utilities all compile with either ANSI or
traditional C.
Work has also progressed in several other areas.
Several important enhancements have been added to the TCP/IP
protocols including TCP header prediction and serial line IP
(SLIP) with header compression. The routing implementation
has been completely rewritten to use a hierarchical routing
tree with a mask per route to support the arbitrary levels
of routing found in the ISO protocols. The routing table
also stores and caches route characteristics to speed the
adaptation of the throughput and congestion avoidance algo-
rithms.
The Kerberos (version 4) authentication software has
been integrated into much of the system (including NFS) to
provide the first real network authentication on BSD.
This release includes several important structural ker-
nel changes. The kernel uses a new internal system call
convention; the use of global (``u-dot'') variables for
parameters and error returns has been eliminated, and inter-
rupted system calls no longer abort using non-local goto's
(longjmp's). A new sleep interface separates signal han-
dling from scheduling priority, returning characteristic
errors to abort or restart the current system call. This
sleep call also passes a string describing the process
state, which is used by the ps(1) program. The old sleep
interface can be used only for non-interruptible sleeps.
The sleep interface (tsleep) can be used at any priority,
but is only interruptible if the PCATCH flag is set. When
interrupted, tsleep returns EINTR or ERESTART.
Many data structures that were previously statically
allocated are now allocated dynamically. These structures
include mount entries, file entries, user open file descrip-
tors, the process entries, the vnode table, the name cache,
and the quota structures.
The End of BSD from Berkeley
For the following three reasons, the CSRG clearly could
not continue in its present form.
Funding had become increasingly time-consuming and dif-
ficult. We were spending more and more of our time obtain-
ing funding, time that we would have preferred to spend
working on BSD. As many of you are intimately aware, com-
puter corporations are actively seeking ways to reduce dis-
cretionary outlays. Also, as UNIX vendors have developed
their own research groups, the work of the CSRG became less
necessary to them. Finally, making BSD freely redistribut-
able resulted in fewer distributions sold, as other
organizations sold our releases for less money.
Support within the University of California declined as
BSD became less widely used internally. Victims of our own
success, many of the features once found only in BSD are now
available from every vendor.
The system has become too large and complex for a group
of four to architect and maintain. In the last few years it
became obvious to us that we had to expand the size of our
group if we wanted to continue developing and distributing a
complete UNIX system. Expansion was impossible given the
external funding environment and the space constraints
imposed by the university.
BSD has always been a community effort, and, as a com-
munity effort, does not rely on a small group of people in
Berkeley to keep it going. BSD will not go away, but will
live on through the free software and commercial efforts of
many people. We thank you for your support over the years,
your funding, and, of course, the software you've contri-
buted to make the BSD system what it is today!
How to obtain 4.4BSD-Encumbered
To obtain 4.4BSD-Encumbered we require execution of the
Berkeley License Agreement (6/92). In addition, foreign
licensees must execute Addendum Number One for Foreign
Licensees in ordering 4.4BSD-Encumbered. The fee is
$2500.00 for 4.4BSD-Encumbered.
Because we are a research and development organization
and not a commercial organization, we make our research
results available for a small license fee. We distribute
only the whole system ``As Is'' and cannot send individual
pieces of the system. We are required by the University of
California to have a formal license arrangement with each
organization to which we distribute. In addition, for
4.4BSD-Encumbered, we are required to secure a copy of the
USL (or AT&T or Western Electric) Software Agreement with
your organization and confirm it with USL before the
software can be shipped.
Specifically, for 4.4BSD-Encumbered, we must receive
from your organization the following material before the
distribution can be sent:
+ Two copies of the current Software Agreement between
your company or institution and USL (or AT&T or Western
Electric) that authorize you as a source licensee for
UNIX/32V, System III, or System V. Note that a com-
plete copy of the agreement up to the Schedule is
required, not just the cover and/or signature page.
Letters authorizing additional CPUs are not necessary
in this process; however, it is your legal responsibil-
ity to obtain an additional CPU authorization from USL.
+ Two original signed and executed copies of the Berkeley
License Agreement (6/92) between your company or insti-
tution and The Regents of the University of California
along with Exhibit A properly filled out. For Foreign
licensees, there is an Addendum to the License Agree-
ment that must also be executed. The name of the
organization on the Berkeley License Agreement must be
the same as that which appears on the Software Agree-
ment with USL (or AT&T or Western Electric). The
Berkeley License Agreement (6/92) must be signed by a
duly authorized person who holds a position that is at
the same level or a higher level of authority as that
which appears on the USL (or AT&T or Western Electric)
Software Agreement. Please have this person's name and
title typed in the available space in addition to the
signature. This license agreement applies to all the
CPUs covered by the Software Agreement with USL (or
AT&T or Western Electric) that you have provided. One
signed copy of the Berkeley License Agreement will be
returned to you after it has been executed by The
Regents of the University of California.
+ A check from a U.S. bank for $2500.00 must be received
before the distribution can be sent. Checks should be
made payable to ``The Regents of the University of Cal-
ifornia, Computer Systems Research Group.'' If you must
issue a Purchase Order, together with your prepayment,
please issue one that is blank-backed. If this is not
possible, insert and initial in the body of the Pur-
chase Order the following clause: ``The terms and con-
ditions of this Purchase Order are not accepted by The
Regents of the University of California. The revised
Berkeley License Agreement (6/92) prevails.'' Wire
transfers are strongly discouraged.
+ The attached Site Information Form completely filled
out. Your copy of the signed 4.4BSD-Encumbered License
Agreement will be sent to the person listed as the
administrative contact. The distribution itself will
be sent to the technical contact. All information is
kept confidential; it is for our use in notifying you
of important bug fixes and the availability of 4.4BSD-
Lite should it become available. Please note that we
cannot ship to post office boxes; therefore, please
have the technical contact's address supplied without
use of a post office box.
A checklist is included to aid you in assembling this
material. All the above material must be sent to:
Pauline Schwartz, Distribution Coordinator
Computer Systems Research Group
Computer Science Division, EECS
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720
Once all these items have been received and are in proper
order, the distribution will be sent to the technical
address listed on the Site Information Form. We cannot pro-
vide delivery dates. Once the material is assembled and
packaged, the distribution is shipped by commercial carrier.
Order of shipment will be based on time of arrival of the
properly completed paperwork and confirmation with USL if
necessary. Because of the differential in costs of shipping
outside the United States, we ask that organizations beyond
the North American continent pay the collect shipping
charges. If the destination is one where collect shipment
cannot be made by the carrier, then advance payment of the
shipping charges will be required.
The most expedient way to ensure that your full distri-
bution is sent as quickly as possible is to include in a
single package two original copies of the appropriate Berke-
ley License Agreement completed and properly signed (without
change), two complete copies of your USL (or AT&T or Western
Electric) Software Agreement, the appropriate check properly
made out to ``The Regents of the University of California,
Computer Systems Research Group'' and a completely filled
out Site Information Form and to send this single package to
the address noted above.
Please note that if you modify the Berkeley License
Agreement, you may experience a delay of three months or
more before receiving an acceptance or denial of the
changes. We reserve the right to cancel your application if
we have not received the requested paperwork within 60 days
from the date it was sent to us.
Special Cases
University of California Sites. If you are a part of
the University of California, the following requirements
apply: To run 4.4BSD-Encumbered on any CPU, you must have a
CPU authorization under The Regents of the University of
California Software Agreement with USL. This can be
obtained by contacting Pam True at (510) 642-6348 in Berke-
ley Campus Materiel Management for an application. A copy of
this should be sent to us. In addition, the following items
must be sent to the Computer Systems Research Group: 1) a
letter of authorization signed by the Director or Head of
Department requesting 4.4BSD-Encumbered, stating that you
have read and understood the Berkeley License Agreement
(6/92) and that your organization will abide by it; 2) an
IOC for $2,500.00; and 3) a Site Information Form.
Government Agencies and Government Contractors.
+ The U.S. Government has a UNIX Source Software Agree-
ment with AT&T dated Sept. 1, 1975. If you are a
government agency operating under the 1975 Software
Agreement, you do not need a copy of the aforementioned
Software Agreement; instead you must send a copy of
your additional CPU authorization from AT&T. The
Berkeley License Agreement for 4.4BSD-Encumbered (6/92)
should be signed by the appropriate Contracting Off-
icer.
+ Several government agencies have acquired their own
AT&T UNIX Software Agreement. Here, we need a copy of
this Software Agreement with USL or AT&T. The Berkeley
License Agreement (6/92) must be signed by the same
officeholder (or replacement) whose signature appears
on the Software Agreement with USL or AT&T. The
government agency shall be identified as the Licensee
in the Berkeley License Agreement (6/92).
+ If you are a contractor of the Government and have
obtained an additional CPU authorization from USL or
AT&T for your contract work, the Berkeley License
Agreement (6/92) must be signed by the appropriate Con-
tracting Officer for the contract. The contractor
should address a letter to the Contracting Officer
stating that the contractor agrees to abide by the
terms and conditions of the Berkeley License Agreement
(6/92) for 4.4BSD and ask that the Contracting Officer
sign the Berkeley License Agreement (6/92) for 4.4BSD.
The Contracting Officer should then return the signed
Berkeley License Agreement (6/92) directly to the Com-
puter Systems Research Group with a cover letter stat-
ing that the contractor is hereby authorized to receive
a copy of 4.4BSD-Encumbered.
A Special Note
The procedures and rules set out in this document are
University and USL constraints that must be followed for the
distribution of software to be possible. The Computer Sys-
tems Research Group has no control over these constraints
and must reject your application if material submitted is
not in order. If you have questions about the licensing
process after reading this letter, you may call Pauline
Schwartz at (510) 642-7780, write to her, or contact her via
electronic mail at pauline@cs.berkeley.edu.
Sincerely yours,
Marshall Kirk McKusick
Research Computer Scientist
Computer Systems Research Group
_________________________
UNIX, UNIX/32V, UNIX System III, and UNIX System V are
registered trademarks of USL/Novell in the USA and some
other countries.
_________________________
Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.