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From: burgess@brooks.af.mil (Dave Burgess)
Newsgroups: comp.os.386bsd.announce,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: comp.os.386bsd.announce Frequently Asked Questions (Part 3 of 9)
Followup-To: comp.os.386bsd.announce
Date: 26 Aug 1993 15:20:05 -0000
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Message-ID: <386bsd-faq-3-746378397@brooks.af.mil>
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Archive-name: 386bsd-faq/part3
Section 3. (Kernel Building and Maintenance)
3.0 System Internals
One of the interesting aspects of 386bsd is the fact that it comes
with the complete source. This allows you to make changes to the
system, recompile, and test out your new ideas. This section of
the FAQ describes many of the different aspects of this endeavor
and common problems and pitfalls that are encountered. Kevin Lahey
provided the substantial portion of this section. You can contact
him via E-Mail at (kml@rokkaku.atl.ga.us) or contact Dave Burgess
(burgess@hrd769.brooks.af.mil).
3.1 Kernel
3.1.1 How do I build a kernel?
The kernel can be compiled in a variety of ways to support different
devices and configurations. Compilation is controlled by a config
file that specifies the characteristics of the kernel. A set of
different config files is located in /sys/i386/conf. The
configuration file names are in upper case.
To build a particular kernel (in this example, we use the GENERICISA
configuration file):
% cd /sys/i386/conf
% config GENERICISA
% cd /sys/compile/GENERICISA
% make depend
% make
You'll need patch 1 from the patchkit to get the compilation to work,
'cause the version file isn't correctly included in the Makefile.
3.1.2 I want to do one of the following things:
* add a device not in the distributed kernel (third com
port, additional disk or tape, line printer driver, etc).
* use a patch from the net or the patchkit to fix a kernel bug.
* add another swap device.
* recompile the kernel to remove extraneous devices so that
it takes up less space.
* configure more pseudo-terminals to allow for more xterms
or network logins.
You're going to have to recompile the kernel after you modify the
config file. See section 3.2 below for more information about the
config file in general.
3.1.3 I don't have the source distribution -- how can I rebuild the
kernel?
You can get the source for just the kernel from agate.berkeley.edu
in the directory /pub/386BSD/386bsd-0.1/filesystem/usr/src/sys.386bsd.
In addition, you will need to get a few include files, and make sure
that all of the files that are actually symbolic links point to the
right places. It is around five Meg of source and maybe another Meg
compiled. There are also reference sites available, as well as the
'good net-neighbor' policy, whereby you could make arrangements with
a net neighbor to use a large local machine as a Network File System,
or allow you to compile a new kernel on their machine and transfer it
to yours. If you *still* can't fit it in, you'll have to ftp a
compiled kernel from agate in the unofficial/patchkit-old directory
or one of the archive sites. You can also ask for help from
comp.os.386bsd.questions if you get stuck and cannot make any headway.
3.1.4 Now that I have a kernel, how do I install it?
Your kernel is called /386bsd. Copy the new kernel from
/sys/compile/GENERICISA/386bsd to /, assuming that it is in that
directory. This is relatively straightforward; there are a couple
of things to remember, though. First, if you really screw up the new
kernel, you want to have something to fall back on, so be sure to
save /386bsd to /386bsd.old before copying in a new kernel. Second,
if you just copy the new kernel over the currently running kernel,
funny things can happen. Be sure to move aside the currently running
kernel before copying over the new one.
There are folks that have reported that overwriting their current
kernel has never caused them any real problems. On the other hand,
if the old kernel was working and the new one doesn't, and you have
made changes that require that old kernel, it should be available to
the system, and saving it to /386bsd.alt or /386bsd.old are reasonable
things to do.
If you are really paranoid, you can mount a new fixit floppy and
replace its kernel with the one you just built, and then boot from
the fixit floppy to make sure everything will work. This is a
pretty good idea if you are making radical changes or if you are
unsure about your changes.
3.1.5 After installing the patchkit and recompiling the kernel with the
option "WD8013", I am no longer able to reboot the machine. A cold
boot (power on) runs fine, but after a reboot no boot drive is found
by the BIOS. Besides having a 16-bit WD/SMC Ethernet card installed
the machines try to boot using either a Adaptec 1742 or 1542 SCSI
board to boot from.
This answer was provided by Hellmuth Michaelis (hm@hcshh.hcs.de) and
written by Rodney Grimes (rgrimes@acacia).
Remove "option WD8013" from the config files and recompile and
reinstall the kernel.
The reason that option WD8013 often causes this reboot problem is
this:
There is a requirement that all memory within a 128k bank in the
0xA0000 to 0xFFFFF region be either 16-bit or 8-bit. Is what happens
is on a cold boot the WD8013 boards are reset to 8-bit mode, the POST
(Power On Self Test) passes without error. 386bsd comes up, the
if_we.c driver places the WD8013 in 16-bit mode. Now on a soft boot
when the BIOS runs some quick POST tests it finds a problem in the
0xA000 to 0xF000 region. You probably get a "beep-beep" when this
happens. It means you have a memory size conflict.
The machine has been mis-configured.
This is a little known fact about 16-bit vs 8-bit option cards. It
has caused more than one person to go crazy tracking down what they
swear is a bug in the program. It is not, it is a flaw in the design
of the ISA bus. The signal MEMCS16- must be returned the same for
every 128k block of memory:
B0000-CFFFF Must all be either 8-bit or 16-bit.
D0000-FFFFF Must all be either 8-bit or 16-bit.
In your particular configuration (WD8013 @ cc000) I suspect that
you have another board in the B0000-CFFFFF region that is 8-bit, i.e.
your Adaptec has an 8-bit BIOS on it!
Try moving the board to the 0xD0000 region and see if it works there,
you may still have a problem as many modern system BIOSes are now 8-bit.
If your system BIOS is 8-bit, try shadowing the system BIOS region
at 0xF0000 to 0xFFFFF, this effectively turns it into a 16-bit BIOS.
Do not attempt to shadow the WD8013, it well cause you many headaches.
As always, works for me, you mileage may vary..
3.2 What exactly is this config file, anyway? What are all of these
cryptic notations?
I've annotated the distributed GENERICISA file; my comments are
delineated by the '--' symbols.
#
# GENERICISA -- Generic ISA machine -- distribution floppy
#
-- BSD can be compiled for different hardware platforms, so it is important to
-- define the hardware types. 386bsd can only be built for 386 or
-- compatible machines, so this is sort of superfluous, but maintains
-- compatibility with standard BSD config files.
machine "i386"
cpu "i386"
-- The ident describes the machine for which this kernel is to be built.
-- It is usually the system name -- "ROKKAKU", "REF", or whatever.
-- This can be used for conditional compilation, so that kernel changes
-- can be compiled in only for one machine.
ident GENERICISA
-- This should indicate the timezone of the system relative the
-- Greenwich. 8 is PST; 4 is EST. Somebody else might want to discuss
-- this more fully.
timezone 8 dst
-- maxusers isn't strictly checked; it is just used to size several
-- system data parameters.
maxusers 10
-- The options control the conditional compilation of features into the
-- kernel. The options can be listed all on a line separated by commas.
-- They are #define'ed when the kernel is compiled, so that #ifdef's
-- will work. An option can be given a value by appending an equals sign
-- and a value (enclosed in double quotes) to the option name.
-- Hopefully the names are at least somewhat self-explanatory. To
-- discover what everything does, you'd have to go through the kernel
-- looking for all of the appropriate #ifdef's.
-- [Perhaps somebody else could list the *exact* meanings of these
-- options and some of the other possible options?]
options INET,ISOFS,NFS
options "COMPAT_43"
options "TCP_COMPAT_42"
-- The config line controls the location of the root, swap, and dump
-- devices. Anything not specified is defaulted. This is where you add
-- support for multiple swap devices. Just list 'em, separated by 'and'.
-- The config line below identifies the root drive as wd0 and the
-- swap drives as wd0 and as0. See the section on swap devices in FAQ_02
-- for additional information.
config "386bsd" root on wd0 swap on wd0 and as0
-- A 'controller' is a device or bus controller. 'isa' is obviously for
-- the ISA bus. 'wd0' is for regular disk controllers, 'fd0' is for the
-- floppies, and 'as0' is for SCSI disk controllers.
controller isa0
-- The fields work as follows:
-- a. What do you call this device?
-- b. What controller is this on? As you can see, the disk controller
-- talks to the ISA bus, and the disks talk to the disk controller.
-- c. Where are the registers for the controller mapped into memory?
-- This is #defined in /sys/i386/isa/isa.h.
-- d. What IRQ is this device set up for?
-- e. What routine should be called on an interrupt from the device?
-- a b c d e
-- vvv vvv vvvvvvv vv vvvvvv
controller wd0 at isa? port "IO_WD1" bio irq 14 vector wdintr
-- You need a 'disk' entry for every disk on the controller. In the
-- config file originally shipped with 386bsd, both hard disks were
-- incorrectly identified as wd0. Be sure to change the second occurrence
-- to wd1, as I have done in below.
disk wd0 at wd0 drive 0
disk wd1 at wd0 drive 1
controller fd0 at isa? port "IO_FD1" bio irq 6 drq 2 vector fdintr
disk fd0 at fd0 drive 0
disk fd1 at fd0 drive 1
-- The 'drq' specifies the channel used for bus-mastering DMA.
controller as0 at isa? port 0x330 bio irq 11 drq 5 vector asintr
disk as0 at as0 drive 0
disk as1 at as0 drive 1
-- Define other physical devices. pc0 is the keyboard, npx0 drives the
-- math coprocessor, and com* controls the com ports.
device pc0 at isa? port "IO_KBD" tty irq 1 vector pcrint
device npx0 at isa? port "IO_NPX" irq 13 vector npxintr
device com1 at isa? port "IO_COM1" tty irq 4 vector comintr
device com2 at isa? port "IO_COM2" tty irq 3 vector comintr
-- Ethernet drivers of various sorts and the particular configuration
-- information they require. For most installations, only one of these
-- devices would normally be defined.
device we0 at isa? port 0x280 net irq 2 iomem 0xd0000 iosiz 8192 vector weintr
device ne0 at isa? port 0x300 net irq 2 vector neintr
device ec0 at isa? port 0x250 net irq 2 iomem 0xd8000 iosiz 8192 vector ecintr
device is0 at isa? port 0x280 net irq 10 drq 7 vector isintr
-- Tape driver
device wt0 at isa? port 0x300 bio irq 5 drq 1 vector wtintr
-- The TCP/IP loop-back device, ethernet interface, slip interface, log
-- device, and pseudo-terminals.
pseudo-device loop
pseudo-device ether
pseudo-device sl 2
pseudo-device log
pseudo-device pty 4
-- Devices required by VM.
pseudo-device swappager
pseudo-device vnodepager
pseudo-device devpager
3.2.1 Okay, fine. Why shouldn't I just add every device I can find to
the kernel, so I'll never have to recompile this again?
Because it takes up space. The kernel is wired into memory, so every
byte it uses comes out of the pool of memory for everything else. It
can't page out sections that aren't in use. If your kernel is larger
than 640K, then it can't be loaded. You'll need to use Julian Elischer's
bootblocks to put it in high memory, which seem to be fairly complex.
Installing them (once they are compiled) is as easy as using disklabel.
3.2.2 What should I remove from the kernel?
What do you need? If you only have an SCSI controller, you don't
need the wd0 device; if you have another kind of disk controller,
you don't need as0. Unless you actually HAVE more than one Ethernet
controller, you should comment out all but one of them. If you don't
have an ethernet controller, you don't need any of the controllers or
NFS compiled in. Without a CD-ROM, ISOFS is kind of pointless. Just
look at what you have and think about what you really need.
3.2.3 I can't get enough remote login sessions or xterm sessions. What
can I do?
Increase the count of pseudo-terminals --
pseudo-device pty 12 # or whatever
Every pseudo terminal should have a /dev/pty* entry. If you have 12
pseudo terminals, you should also have at least 12 pty devices in the
/dev directory. The MAKEDEV script in /dev will create as many pseudo-
terminals as you tell it to.
3.2.4 How do I get ddb, the kernel debugger, compiled into the kernel
and running?
Add the following line to the configuration file:
pseudo-device ddb
Build the kernel, then run dbsym on it:
% dbsym ./386bsd
Install it and go for it. Ctl-Alt-Esc drops you into the debugger.
Note: DDB as shipped originally is a memory hog, and it is very
difficult to get a kernel small enough with enough fun things in it
to debug in 640K
3.2.5 Can I have more than one config file? Should I rename it to something
else? Any other hints?
You can create as many (or as few) config files as you desire. The
system, once the patchkit is applied, will have between 10 and 15,
each of which implements certain functions or features. In addition,
the normal place for the patchkit to make changes to the config files
is in the GENERICISA file. Since this file should remain unchanged
and available, it is always a good idea to copy this file to a
meaningful name and modify that file. In other words, change every
reference in 3.1.1 from GENERICISA to HAL (or whatever you call your
system).
One final note. Every /sys/compile directory takes up 800K or so;
you might want to watch to see how big these all get.
3.2.6 What is the meaning of the trap codes I get in panic messages?
Sometimes this message appears in the form "trap type nn".
That message means that the system received an unexpected (and
unwanted) trap that probably indicates some form of kernel bug.
These traps, are usually received from the kernel, in which case
the trap.h definitions should be used.
The number (which appears in place of "nn" above) is *NOT* the
i386 or i386 trap type, it is a BSD-defined trap type number.
The definitions of the various trap types can be found in
/usr/include/machine/trap.h.
two of the more common ones are:
9 T_PROTFLT protection fault
(The kernel tried executing code
which was not noted as "executable".
This happens if the kernel jumps to
a bogus location.)
12 T_PAGEFLT page fault
(The kernel tried to access a bogus
area of memory. This can happen if
an invalid pointer is dereferenced.)
This is a list of i386 trap codes (just to confuse the issue).
Trap 0 Divide Error
The DIV or IDIV instruction is executed with a zero denominator
or the quotient is too large for the destination operand.
Trap 1 Debug Exceptions
Used in conjunction with DR6 and DR7, The following flags
need to be tested to determine what caused the trap:
BS=1 Single-step trap
B0=1 AND (GE0=1 or LE0=1) Breakpoint, DR0, LEN0, R/W0
B1=1 AND (GE1=1 or LE1=1) Breakpoint, DR1, LEN1, R/W1
B2=1 AND (GE2=1 or LE2=1) Breakpoint, DR2, LEN2, R/W2
B3=1 AND (GE3=1 or LE3=1) Breakpoint, DR3, LEN3, R/W3
BD=1 Debug registers not available,
in use by ICE-386
BT=1 Task Switch
Trap 2 NMI Interrupt
On PC/AT systems, the NMI input to the CPU is usually
connected to the main memory parity circuit. By the time the
error signal is generated, the data may have already been
used in an instruction, so it isn't possible to reliably
recover.
And some not-so-common causes (from various sources):
PS50+ : I/O channel check, system watch-dog timer
time-out interrupt, DMA timer time-out interrupt
parity errors on any 8-bit or 16-bit board pulling the
IOCHCK* line low
first generation of auto-switching EGA cards used NMI to trap port
access for CGA emulation (e.g., ATI's EGA Wonder)
Zeos Notebook low battery (perhaps other battery-based
computers)
Trap 3 Breakpoint
The result of executing an INT 3 instruction. MS-DOS and
Windows and some other non-386 systems use this for debugging.
Code specific to the 386 and later processors should use
the debugging features tied to Trap 1.
Trap 4 INT0 Detected Overflow
Occurs if an INT0 instruction is executed and the overflow
flag (OF) is currently set.
Trap 5 BOUND Range Exceeded
Occurs if the BOUND instruction is executed and the array
index points beyond the area of memory containing the array
being tested.
Trap 6 Invalid Opcode
The value read at CS:IP is not a valid opcode.
Trap 7 Coprocessor Not Available
This occurs if the processor fetches an instruction that is
for the coprocessor and no coprocessor is present.
Trap 8 Double Exception (Fault)
An exception occurred while trying to execute the handler
for a prior exception. Example, an application causes a
General Protection Fault (13) and the area of memory where
the GPF handler should be is flagged not-present (paged-out?).
The double-fault handler is invoked in these conditions.
If a fault occurs while trying to run the double-fault handler,
a triple-fault occurs and the CPU resets.
The rules for deciding if a double-fault should occur or
if the two faults can be handled serially are discussed in
more detail in the Intel song book.
Trap 9 Coprocessor Segment Overrun
A page or segment violation occurred while transferring
the middle part of a coprocessor operand to the NPX.
Trap 10 Invalid Task State Segment
During a task switch, the new TSS was invalid. Here is
a table of conditions that Invalidate the TSS:
TSS id + EXT The limit in the TSS descriptor is < 103
LTD id + EXT Invalid LDT selector or LDT not present
SS id + EXT Stack segment selector is outside table limit
SS id + EXT Stack segment is not a writable segment
SS id + EXT Stack segment DPL does not match new CPL
SS id + EXT Stack segment selector RPL <> CPL
CS id + EXT Code segment is outside table limit
CS id + EXT Code segment selector does not refer to
code segment
CS id + EXT DPL of non-conforming code segment <> new CPL
CS id + EXT CPL of conforming code segment > new CPL
DS/ES/FS/GS id + EXT DS, ES, FS or GS segment selector is
outside table limits
DS/ES/FS/FS id + EXT DS, ES, FS, or GS is not readable
segment
Trap 11 Segment Not Present
Occurs when the "present" bit of a descriptor is zero.
This can occur while loading any of these segment registers
CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS. Loading SS causes a Stack fault.
Also occurs when attempting to use a gate descriptor that is
marked "not present", and if attempting to load the LDT with
an LLDT instruction. Note that loading the LDT during a
task switch causes an "invalid TSS" trap.
Trap 12 Stack Fault
A limit violation relating to an address referenced off
the SS register. Includes POP, PUSH, ENTER and LEAVE
opcodes, as well as references such as MOV AX,[BP+8]
(which has an implied SS:).
Also causes by loading SS with a descriptor that is marked
"not present".
Trap 13 General Protection Fault (GPF)
Americas Favorite, in the Windows 3.0 world, it is known as
the UAE error. The instruction tried to access data out of
the bounds designated by the descriptors. The access that
failed can be a read, write or instruction fetch. There are
15 classifications of GPFs:
1. Exceeding segment limit when using CS, DE, ES, FS or GS.
2. Exceeding segment limit when referencing a descriptor
table.
3. Transferring control to a segment that is not executable.
4. Writing into a read-only data segment or into a code
segment.
5. Reading from an execute-only segment.
6. Loading the SS register with a read-only descriptor
(unless the selector comes from the TSS during a task
switch, in which case a TSS exception occurs.)
7. Loading SS, DS, ES, FS or GS with the descriptor of a
system segment.
8. Loading, DS, ES, FS or GS with the descriptor of an
executable segment that is not also readable.
9. Loading SS with the descriptor of an executable segment.
10. Accessing memory via, DS, ES, FS or GS when the segment
register contains a null selector.
11. Switching to a busy task.
12. Violating privilege rules.
13. Loading CR0 with a PG=1 and PE=0.
14. Interrupt or exception via trap or interrupt gate from
V86 mode to privilege level other than zero.
15. Exceeding the instruction limit of 15 bytes (this can
only occur if redundant prefixes are placed before an
instruction).
To determine which condition caused the trap, you need
the instruction, the contents of all associated registers,
particularly the segment registers involved, then the various
LDT, GDT and page control tables. Lots of common coding
errors cause the GPFs. Even a stack imbalance will usually
show up as a GPF. Even MOV AX,7 MOV ES,AX or
MOV AX,5 PUSH AX POP DS will get a GPF error. You can't
use a segment register for "temporary storage" of any
old value the way you could on the 8086. The values loaded
into the segment registers are checked in protected mode.
Trap 14 Page Fault
The page directory or page table entry needed for the address
translation has a zero in the present bit, or the current
procedure does not have sufficient privilege to access the
indicated page.
Trap 15 (reserved)
Trap 16 Coprocessor Error
The coprocessor asserted the ERROR# input pin on the 386
(internal on the 486)
Trap 17 Alignment Check (486 and later)
If enabled, this trap will occur if a data fetch does not
occur on a word boundary. I don't know of any software that
activates this feature yet. I have seen SCO UNIX get this
error on early Cyrix processors, even though SCO had not
enabled the feature.
Trap 18-32 (reserved)
[answered by Frank Durda IV <uhclem@nemesis.lonestar.org> and
jim mullens jcm@ornl.gov -or- mullens@jamsun.ic.ornl.gov]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2.7 I have been getting a lot of "virtual memory exhausted" errors when
I am compiling a program with a really big static array. I have
128Meg of memory and 8Gig of swap. How can this be happening?
If you are using Csh, you can simply unlimit your processes in
your csh.cshrc file. You can also modify your kernel so that the
amount of memory available is less limiting. J"org Wunsch
(j@tcd-dresden.de) provides us with this brief description:
From a recent posting i just made, regarding the problem how much
virtual memory one could get.
| On the other hand, i've also changed the definitions you
| mentioned. But i didn't like to modify the header files, and
| actually, modifying the values is as easy as:
|
| options "DFLDSIZ='(16 * 1024 * 1024)'"
| options "MAXDSIZ='(64 * 1024 * 1024)'"
|
| Include the above lines into your kernel's config file, reconfig
| and rebuild it.
|
This is just a hint for those people poking around with compiling
large source files. Especially, due to some gcc problems with large
static arrays, compiling X applications with huge bitmaps would
cause virtual memory trouble. Increasing the limits (o'course, as
long as the h/w resources suffice) could help there.
The default definitions for the above parameters are found in
/usr/include/machine/vmparam.h.
3.2.8 Where can I learn more about all this?
We've skipped over a lot of details here; the straight dope comes from
"Building Berkeley UNIX Kernels with Config", by Samuel J. Leffler and
Michael J. Karels.
3.3 X11/XFree86/XS3
3.3.1 What options should I define to get the X extensions included?
Once you have applied the patch kit, the only thing left to do is to
modify the config file to include the following line:
options XSERVER, UCONSOLE
recompile the kernel and the kernel should support X.
3.3.2 Where can I get the FAQ for 'X'?
Answers to frequently asked questions about XFree86 on 386BSD are
available by anonymous ftp from agate.berkeley.edu (128.32.136.1) in
/pub/386BSD/0.1-ports/XFree86-1.2/XFree86-1.2-386BSD-FAQ. It
supplements the more introductory material distributed with XFree86
1.2 in README.386BSD. It also supplements Steve Kotsopoulos' more
general 'X on Intel-based Unix' FAQ available by anonymous ftp from
export.lcs.mit.edu in /contrib/Intel-Unix-X-faq.
3.3.3 Why does X drop characters when using xdm? When I run xdm
from the console, it keeps losing keystrokes and the shift keys
don't always work. Why?
You need to run xdm with the -nodaemon flag. The reason is
xdm normally detaches from the keyboard. This allows other
processes (like getty) to return to reading from the keyboard.
A race condition results, where some keystrokes are sent to
xdm and others are sent to other processes. Using the
-nodaemon flag causes xdm to stay attached to the keyboard
so no other process can use it. This answer comes from Michael
C. Newell (root@wanderer.nsi.nasa.gov)
This bit of trivia is also covered in detail in the X FAQ and
the README that accompanies XFree86.
3.4 Compiler and Library routines
There are several questions that could probably be included
here. See also Section 4 for some of the more common 'missing
modules' that also happen to be library routtines.
3.4.1 Which C compiler is shipped with my Net/2 derived BSD?
The standard compiler released with 386bsd 0.1 is GCC 1.38. This
version is considered by many people to be the most stable of
the GCC versions. All other Net/2 derived BSD systems have both
1.38 and 2.4+ available. NetBSD 0.9, for example, is completely
compilable using GCC 2.5.5, which is included as the default
compiler. FreeBSD will also ship with the same compiler.
3.4.2 Where is libcompat.a?
The library libcompat.a is (working from memory here) completely
deprecated in 386bsd. The only exceptions might be the re_comp
and re_exec routines, which are discussed in detail in section 4.
The easiest way around not having a libcompat.a is to simply link
it to a small library, since virtually every other function that
is expected in libcompat.a is already include libc.a.
--
------
TSgt Dave Burgess
NCOIC AL/Management Information Systems Office
Brooks AFB, TX