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From: burgess@s069.netins.net (Dave Burgess)
Newsgroups: comp.unix.bsd.netbsd.announce,comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: [comp.unix.bsd] NetBSD, FreeBSD, and 386BSD (0.1) FAQ (Part 8 of 10)
Supersedes: <386bsd-faq-8-793868411@cynjut.infonet.net>
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Date: 13 Mar 1995 01:00:39 -0600
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Archive-name: 386bsd-faq/part8
Section 7. (System Communication and Network Information)
7.0 Communications
386bsd and its kith support a wide range of communications methods.
7.1 SLIP/CSLIP
Serial Line I/P is supported in all versions of PC BSDs.
Brian <brian@awfulhak.demon.co.uk> provides us with a rather
good explanation of some of the hurdles that must be overcome
for a working slip interface.
The idea is (overview) that you make a serial line connection to
the host, set the line discipline, and tell your router to use
this interface as your gateway. You also should set the gateway
up as a nameserver.
You will need the information in 7.4.1 below to make sense to
you before you proceed much further. I suggest you read that
now.
Sounds easy ? - well it is if you've done it before.
The _usual_ way of doing this is as follows:
Both server and client must know eachothers inet addresses. Set
these up in /etc/hosts with lines saying
11.22.33.44 host.my.domain.name host
11.22.33.55 client.my.domain.name client
where 11.22.33.?? is your inet number, and the following name is
the full machine name (and is followed by any number of aliases).
SERVER:
Create a login - usually Sclientname - and run `sliplogin` as
its shell. I've looked at the docs for sliplogin, and it seems
fairly straightforward. [Ed.Note - I have; it is.]
A fairly common problem on the server is an error that is
caused by the lack of a 'sliplogin' entry in the /etc/shells
file. Be sure to add sliplogin to your shells file.
CLIENT:
Set up /etc/resolv.conf to say the following (for the nameserver)
domain client.my.domain.name
nameserver 11.22.33.55
** traditional method **
- Log on to the server. This is usually done via kermit or
some such program.
- Exit the program (or background it if your line wants to
drop once the device is closed).
- Run `slattach /dev/comport` for whatever "comport" is. On most
BSD derived systems, this may be either com0, or cua01, or
whatever the correct name is for your site.
If you run into an error that says 'not configured' in it, your
kernel either does not recognize your port (dmesg will verify that)
or your kernel does not have the slip interface built in. See
below for the latter. The former could be caused by any one of
a dozen problems, including conflicting or incorrectly identified
IRQs or port addresses.
- Run `ifconfig sl0 net clientname servername netmask 0xffffff00`
- Run `route add default servername`.
"servername" is your server and "clientname" is your client.
It should now be possible to `ping host`
** my method **
Configure /etc/remote
Configure /etc/host.dial
Run `slip host`.
/etc/remote contains an extended `tip` entry. /etc/host.dial
contains a login script (and is named in /etc/remote).
Oh yes, don't forget to have a line in your kernel config saying
pseudo-device sl 2
Without this line, you may get a 'device not configured' or
'TIO...' error because the slip driver is not built into the
kernel.
Someone else mailed me their instructions for using a SLIP
service. Here they are, in all their glory.
Hi, I thought I'd drop you this email outlining how I have
SLIP set up to dial and communicate, as I remember this being
an area in the FAQ which needed some expansion/clarification.
What I outline works for me dialing up under NetBSD 0.9.
Though I don't know the specific nuances of FreeBSD (eg. the
boot-up configuration of the interfaces - /etc/hostname.sl<n>
for NetBSD) this'll be easy for someone to add to, hopefully
before you release it (I know there's nothing I hate more
than having to convert one setup's info into another nearly,
but not quite, the same setup :-)
In the last quoted script file (slip-off) the unlock line should
read:
/usr/local/etc/unlock LCK..$DEVICE
1) Configuring the SLIP interface.
Ensure that the sl device is present in your kernel (default with
the generic kernels). In NetBSD 0.9 they get assigned in turn
with each 'slattach'.
Put your own hostname and ip number, and that of your dial up
gateway, into your /etc/hosts. This is mine:-
127.0.0.1 localhost
158.152.1.65 gate gate.demon.co.uk
158.152.26.67 blodwen blodwen.demon.co.uk
Ensure that your /etc/resolv.conf is set up appropriately, to
point to the nameserver of your dial-up provider/link. This is
what I use:-
domain demon.co.uk
nameserver 158.152.1.65
nameserver 158.152.1.193
(you can have up to three nameservers, they -must- be listed by
number. If you wish to look in several domains, you can use
'search demon.co.uk,foo.other.domain' etc. up to the limit (a
finite length specified in resolver(5).)
Your sl interface needs to be configured using ifconfig(1) as a
link from your own hostname to that of your dial-up host. Manually
this can be done by:-
/sbin/ifconfig sl0 <your-machine> <dial-up-machine>
on NetBSD this can be done at boot-time, by having the following
in /etc/hostname.sl0:-
inet blodwen.demon.co.uk 255.255.255.0
dest gate.demon.co.uk
(You can substitute sl0 for sl<n> if this will after another
slattach e.g. for a local machine on a fixed cable)
The netmask value (255.255.255.0 in this case) is pretty
irrelevent to SLIP because you cannot have a subnet broadcast
(so I am informed).
I use the chat(1) program (currently available in the
FreeBSD-current/ports/ directory) to dial up and enter
passwords, etc. My modem is setup for hardware handshaking
(a necessity really, for performance), and I use the following
sh scripts to do the work. Calling 'demon' dials up and connects.
Calling 'demon-down' when on-line shuts it all off. Those who
use PPP should be able to work out the changes from the original
ppp-on and off scripts.
[I call it 'demon' for simplicity]
#!/bin/sh
#
# attach slip and route (calls slip-on script)
if /usr/local/etc/slip-on
then
# this adds the default route to 'gate' which is
# my dial-up host
route add default gate
# put anything here to be run when you are connected
# slurp news
/usr/local/etc/slurp news.demon.co.uk &
# send outgoing news
/usr/local/news/bin/nntpsend
# kick outgoing email
sendmail -q0m
else
# slip-on failed
fi
[ here's my /usr/local/etc/slip-on ]
Note that you may need to adjust the chat command to deal with the
prompts you have to answer or that your modem produces, and the final
message (my provider sends HELLO to signify that they are ready. The
-v to chat makes it send syslog .info messages, which I then send to
my /dev/console. You can remove this if you wish.
The following is a modified version of the ppp-on script that comes
with chat, altered to set the serial line correctly for the modem. I
dial-up at 38400bps on a modem on tty03, you might want to change that
too (and make sure that the stty line is all kept on one line).
#
# slip-on
#
# Set up a SLIP link
#
LOCKDIR=/var/spool/lock
DEVICE=tty03
PHONE=<phone number here>
USER=<your login>
PASSWORD=<your password>
if [ -f $LOCKDIR/LCK..$DEVICE ]
then
echo "SLIP device is locked"
exit 1
fi
/usr/local/etc/fix-cua $DEVICE
sleep 16000 < /dev/$DEVICE &
/bin/stty -f /dev/$DEVICE
gfmt1:cflag=4b00:iflag=c00:lflag=3:oflag=6:discard=f:dsusp=19:eof=4:eol=ff:e
ol2
2=ff:erase=0:intr=3:kill=0:lnext=16:quit=1c:reprint=12:start=11:status=ff:st
op=
=13:susp=1a:werase=17:ispeed=38400:ospeed=38400
(
if chat -v -l LCK..$DEVICE ABORT "NO DIALTONE" ABORT "NO CARRIER" \
ABORT BUSY "" ATZ OK ATDT$PHONE "CONNECT 38400" "" "ogin:" "$USER"
\
"word:" "\\q$PASSWORD" "HELLO"
then
/sbin/slattach -h -c -s 38400 $DEVICE
exit 0
else
echo "SLIP call failed" 1>&2
# remove the sleep holding serial line open
/bin/kill -KILL `/bin/ps -ax | /usr/bin/egrep " sleep 16000" \
| /usr/bin/egrep -v "egrep" | /usr/bin/sed 's/^\([ 0-9]*\)
.*/\1'/`
exit 1
fi
) < /dev/$DEVICE > /dev/$DEVICE
When it comes to switching off the line, I use the following. Don't
forget to adjust the sl0 as appropriate
[ I call it demon-down for simplicity]
#!/bin/sh
# stop script
#
/usr/local/etc/slip-off
/sbin/ifconfig sl0 down
[ and /usr/local/etc/slip-off ]
and adjust the DEVICE line as well.
#!/bin/sh
DEVICE=tty03
kill -KILL `ps -ax | egrep "slattach.*${DEVICE}" | egrep -v "egrep" \
| sed 's/^\([ 0- 9]*\) .*/\1'/`
kill -KILL `ps -ax | egrep " sleep 16000" | egrep -v "egrep" \
| sed 's/^\([ 0-9]* \) .*/\1'/`
# switch line back to normal (closes line)
/bin/stty -f /dev/$DEVICE -clocal
# unlock the device
/usr/local/etc/unlock LCK..$DEVICE
exit 0
And that should do it. Happy SLIPping!
7.2 PPP
Implementations of Point to Point Protocol are also available. PPP
should be available in the next major release (0.9+) of NetBSD and
in the current release of FreeBSD and NetBSD both.
It should also be noted that there is a newsgroup that covers the
PPP protocol exclusively. It is comp.protocols.ppp.
7.3 TCP/IP
TCP/IP is an integral part of BSD 4.4 Lite. There are at least
five different network card drivers. TCP/IP is fully supported
and is available to all users of all derived BSD systems. In
fact, many people believe that this area is one of the primary
advantages that BSD has over Linux.
7.4 UUCP
There is an excellent document included in the UUCP directory
that describes in detail, what needs to be done to get a
working UUCP for derived BSD systems. Look in the
/usr/src/gnu/libexec/uucp directory for more information. You
can also look in the /usr/share/doc/smm/09.uucpimpl and
/usr/share/doc/smm/21.uucpnet if yours are populated.
7.4.1 TIP/CU
First thing you need to do is...
vi /etc/remote
Then remove the two lines at the bottom of the file that mention
com1, and com2. Now add the following lines:
tty00:dv=/dev/tty00:br#9600:
tty01:dv=/dev/tty01:br#9600:
That tells tip/cu where to find your com ports. Next you need
to be logged in as root and do a:
chown uucp.dialer /dev/tty00
chown uucp.dialer /dev/tty01
touch /var/log/aculog
chown uucp.dialer /var/log/aculog
Make sure that, if you are running newsyslog, you change the
owner.group entry in the newsyslog.conf file so that the file
ownership is maintained correctly.
Then you should be all set, remember "DOS Com1" = tty00, and
"DOS Com2" = tty01. So, if your modem is at 0x2F8/IRQ=3 and
you access it as the COM2: port from DOS, you would do..
tip tty01
To exit, type <RETURN>~.<RETURN>
Many people have other problems with cu. The lock open:
procedure is one of them. If you receive the error:
lock open: no such file or directory
all ports busy
You need to create a directory: /var/spool/lock, owned by uucp. If
this file already exists and is owned correctly, make sure that the
lock file in the directory is deleted.
If you receive the error "cu: write: Input/output error"
You may be able to fix this by creating an /etc/uucp/ports file
(see Taylor UUCP docs).
In addition, those of you using cu version 1.04 may need to add the
following to their susyem:
create an /etc/uucp/ports file that looked like this:
port mymodem
type modem
device /dev/tty01
speed 19200
Now cu knows that the line is connected to a modem it does the
right thing regarding setting CLOCAL on the line. You don't
even have to have either of local or softcar set in /etc/ttys.
Since cu's behaviour seems to be correct, I'm happy now. All I
need to really make my day though is to have John or Martin to
tell me that cu 1.04 still works for them even though they don't
have an /etc/uucp/ports (or equivelent HDB or V2 uucp config)
file ... :-)
7.4.2 What is the magic incantation that allows the modem to dial?
Try 'stty -f /dev/tty0? clocal'. Change the '?' for whatever
character is appropriate for your tty port. Remember, DOS COM1 =
/dev/tty00 and DOS COM2 = /dev/tty01...
Some other things that might cause some problems are the entries
in the /etc/remotes file. Try 'com?:dv=/dev/tty0?:br#19200:pa=none'
and see if that helps. Remember to replace the '?' with '[01234]'
as appropriate.
NetBSD-current has implemented the 'ttyflags' program. This
will set your com ports according to the options specified in
the /dev/ttys files. This is an even better solution than the
'stty ... clocal' fix from above!
FreeBSD sets this up a little bit differently by having seperate
dial in and dial out devices available. The /dev/cua?? devices
all have clocal set by default to allow the system to dial out
without having a carrier present. If you are using FreeBSD and
don't have any cua devices in the /dev/ directory, you need to
run the ./MAKEDEV script. See the man page for more infomation.
7.4.3 My modem on DOS COM3 or DOS COM4 works with DOS, but not with
*BSD. It is set up using IRQ 4 (or 3) respectively.
One of the MAJOR differences between DOS and *BSD is that *BSD
actually USES the IRQ lines (*gasp*)... That means that every
device on the ISA bus has to have it's own IRQ. Since COM1 and
COM2 (/dev/tty00 and /dev/tty01) are already defined using IRQs
4 and 3 respectively, that means that COM3 and COM4 (/dev/tty02
and /dev/tty03) need to be put onto different IRQs. The default
GENERICAHA kernel defines the third com port (COM3 or /dev/tty02)
to be on IRQ5. You need to reconfigure your com port (for
external modems) or modem (for internal modems) to use IRQ5.
The GENERICBBT kernel defines the COM4 port to be on IRQ9 (or 2).
If you have to put your devices on other ports, you will need to
recompile the kernel.
7.5 Terminals
Since the target machine for most BSD machines is a 386 with
no more than a couple of serial ports, most people do not bother
with serial terminals. For most problems, a quick perusal of the
man pages for the ttys file and getty are enough to get them
started. Other than that, most terminal problems are limited to
peculiarities of particular terminals.
One common problem that appears to crop up from time to time is
which wires need to be connected at each end of the cable. Most
cables do not, in fact, pass through all lines. If your terminal
uses XON/XOFF (DC1/DC3) protocol, a cable of the appropriate
twist, either straight through or null modem, can have as few as
three lines connecting the two devices. Assuming DB-25 connections
at each end, the lines need to go from 2 to 3, 3 to 2, and 7 to 7.
These lines are Rx, Tx, and gnd. Other lines that may or may not
be required include 4 and 5; and 6, 8, and 20. Normally, these
lines would be connected within the 'hood' of the cable (4 to 5
and 6 and 8 to 20) to simulate the functionality of the full
blown cable. While full support for CTS/RTS is not available
(yet), other support for the remainder of these lines is available
or is being worked on in all BSD derived systems. Without this
handshaking (particularly pins 6, 8, and 20) your ports may appear
to be dead. This is because most of the tty driver for *BSD
systems require a Data Carrier Detect to be active before the
port will work.
For those folks that have hardware flow control working, you need
to look in the man page for 'stty' and look around for the
-clocal and -ctrcrts options.
Once the cable is set up, you will need to make sure that your
system is ready. The first thing you will need to do is make all
of the devices in the /dev/ directory. A program, called MAKEDEV,
is available in the /dev directory. Running this program with
the argument 'tty' will make all of the physical tty devices.
With that done, arranging for a 'getty' on the port is the next
order of business. You will need to edit the '/etc/ttys' file
and make one of the tty devices available. If you have
connected your terminal to DOS COM1, you will be enabling
/dev/tty00. Similarly, if you are connected to COM2:, you will
be enabling /dev/tty01 (see the pattern?). There are other
names for those ports as well, but when you are talking about
terminals, be sure to use the '/dev/tty*' names. If not, you
will be completely ignored and treated as an outcast because
you obviously have not done any of your homework.
One of the other common problems with the SIO driver is that
people will often disable all handshaking, and then complain
that they cannot get a reliable connection above 9600 baud.
Handshaking is the solution to most of these problems.
7.6 My network manager (or UUCP feed site admin) just informed me
that the way I have installed sendmail through my UUCP connection
and has caused a sendmail loop. Can you help me get sendmail
installed correctly?
(1) Go into sendmail's source directory tree
cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf
(2) Make the missing obj directory first, you need it later...
mkdir obj
(3) Create a sendmail master configuration file (.mc file). Name
it yourname.mc
vi yourname.mc
(4) Contents of the yourname.mc file:
#---------------------------------------------------------------
divert(-1)
#
# This is the prototype for a site with only a uucp connection
# to the world, where smarthost and uucp relay are the same ...
# Replace "yourname" with your machines nodename without domain
# Replace "smarthost" with your uucp neighbours nodename without
# domain i.e. here is myname "knobel" and my smarthost is "gomel",
# to which I'm connected with uucp via dialup modem.
divert(-1)
VERSIONID(`yourname.mc 1.0')
include(`../m4/cf.m4')
OSTYPE(bsd4.4)
FEATURE(nodns)dnl
MAILER(local)dnl
MAILER(smtp)dnl
MAILER(uucp)dnl
define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 2000000)dnl
define(`SMART_HOST', `uucp-dom:smarthost')dnl
define(`UUCP_RELAY', `uucp-dom:smarthost')dnl
#--------------------------------------------------------------
In the siteconfig directory (.../sendmail/cf/siteconfig)
create a file uucp.yourname
Put a list of machines into this file to which you have active
uucp/mail connection. Generally only the name of your smarthost
.... Unknown addresses are routed to your smarthost ....
siteconfig/uucp.yourname:
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
SITE(nodename_of_your_smarthost)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) create the new sendmail configuration file, which will be
stored under obj/yourname.cf, by typing
make yourname.cf
(6) After that copy obj/yourname.cf to /etc/sendmail.cf
(7) It's up to you to browse through the systems global aliases
file ((etc/aliases), where important mail aliases are stored.
After editing this file you should invoke the command newaliases
to update the corresponding database file
newaliases
(8) Then create/edit the file "/etc/sendmail.cw". This file
contains alias names of your system (a list of additional names
under that your system might receive e-mail):
yourname
yourname.uucp
yourname.domain
(9) Then create a file /etc/mailertable:
Here you have to say what else (uucp adresses, too)
has to be sent to your smarthost ...
.uucp uucp-uudom:name_of_your_uucp_smarthost
(10) Create the hash table the following way:
makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable
Remember, if you make any changes you have to rebuild the
alaises database by typing:
newaliases
(11) BTW: You do not need to create a frozen config file,
since sendmail on FreeBSD 1.X and NetBSD aren't compiled with
that option turned on.
(12) ``Hot files'' with more information (see sendmail src tree):
FAQ KNOWNBUGS RELEASE_NOTES cf/README
7.7 Can network attached assets be used by/from NetBSD?
Yes, they can, assuming the machine at the other end of the
connections is reasonably cooperative. The specifics are up to
the remote machine, but a couple of things that you can start
looking for that will help are provided below:
- Ask the system administrator of the machine in
question if it is OK for you to use whatever it is
you need. This is more a matter of manners than a
technical issue.
- For NFS mounted disk drives, make sure that you are
not prevented from using the assets by the
/etc/exports (or equivalent) file. This goes for
CD-ROMs as well as regular mounted disks.
- There are a completely different set of concerns for
tapes and printers. Each system implements these in
slightly different ways. Check with your system
manager or documentation for more information.
Note that not all network clients are created equal. There may
be semantic differences between what you EXPECT to happen and
what actually happens. Your best bet at that point is to get
with the local system manager and talk to him or her about what
you should be expecting on the system and what is actually
happening. An excellent example is the semantics of file group
accounts when a new file is created on an NFS machine. The
semantics of the create will be based on the OS on the SERVER,
so it will be whatever SysV or Sun thinks is correct, not what
we expect from the BSD side.
There is a package available which can also be used by *BSD
which will allow your machine to be visible to LanManager or
Windows NT clients. The package is called 'SAMBA' and includes
information about how to configure the package to work with
NetBSD and FreeBSD. Works good for me.
--
TSgt Dave Burgess | Dave Burgess
NCOIC, USSTRATCOM/J6844 | *BSD FAQ Maintainer
Offutt AFB, NE | Burgess@s069.infonet.net