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Message-ID: <32F0F7FA.3A4A@iprolink.ch> Date: Thu, 30 Jan 1997 20:35:22 +0100 From: delcyber <delcyber@iprolink.ch> Organization: ccg X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.0 (Win95; I) MIME-Version: 1.0 Newsgroups: comp.unix.bsd.netbsd.misc CC: cancyber@iprolink.ch Subject: Re: [comp.unix.bsd] NetBSD, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD FAQ (Part 1 of 10) References: <386bsd-faq-1-854352003@cynjut.neonramp.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit NNTP-Posting-Host: 194.158.10.34 Lines: 482 Path: euryale.cc.adfa.oz.au!newshost.carno.net.au!harbinger.cc.monash.edu.au!news.cs.su.oz.au!metro!metro!munnari.OZ.AU!news.mel.connect.com.au!news.mel.aone.net.au!grumpy.fl.net.au!news.webspan.net!ix.netcom.com!netcom.net.uk!rill.news.pipex.net!pipex!oleane!pasteur.fr!jussieu.fr!univ-lyon1.fr!in2p3.fr!swidir.switch.ch!news.iprolink.ch!194.158.10.34 Xref: euryale.cc.adfa.oz.au comp.unix.bsd.netbsd.misc:5276 Dave Burgess wrote: > > Posted-By: auto-faq 3.1.1.2 > Archive-name: 386bsd-faq/part1 > > Frequently Asked Questions > 386BSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD and > other BSD derived Operating > Systems. > > EXTREMELY UNOFFICIAL > > Original FAQ by: > Terry Lambert > > New New FAQ by: > Dave Burgess > > burgess@cynjut.neonramp.com > > Last Update: 23 Jan 1997 > > Section -1. (Where else to look) > > In the distribution of each of the *BSD systems, there is a LOT > of documentation. If you are completely unfamiliar with Unix, > there is a reading list recommended in Section 1 of the FAQ. > There are also various documents in the /usr/share/doc directory > on the installed system. Many of these give detailed information > about the design, history, and use of many of the pieces of the > *BSD system you are interested. Once you are familiar with > Unix-like systems, you can probably graduate to the 'man' > program. The 'man' program is a series of manual pages which > describe various parts of the system (kernel stuff, file > formats, commands, 'C' standard functions, etc.) in enough > detail to generally get you where you want to be. The command > 'man man' will give you a lot of details. The other command > which might help is called 'apropos' (pronounced ap'-rO-pO). > This command searches the title lines of every manual page > looking for a match in the word you include as an argument. If > you have the system running, try the command 'apropos ttys' to > get a feel for all the stuff that's out there. > > Section 0. (Basic FAQ information) > > 0.0 Master Index. > > 0.0 Master Index. > 0.1 A brief history of the *BSD family. > 0.1.1 Which of the 4.3 BSD files were identified as > encumbered? What's all this about `binary-only files'? > Will BSDI continue to ship source code? What did NetBSD > and FreeBSD do about the encumbered files? > 0.1.2 How close is NetBSD (or FreeBSD) to BSD 4.4? > 0.1.3 Where can I get more information about the *BSD family > of Operating Systems? > 0.2 About this FAQ. > 0.2a What are the differences between *BSD and (your favorite > operating system name here)? > 0.2b Which is better, (your favorite operating system name > here) or *BSD? > 0.2c Is 386bsd better than (your favorite operating system > name here)? > 0.2.1 So what ARE the differences between the *BSD family and > Linux? > 0.2.2 I want to start up a thread about why *BSD is or isn't > as good as some other operating system. Can anyone > suggest a good reason why I shouldn't? > 0.2.3 Are all of the Berkeley derived systems binary > compatible? If not, what are the differences? > 0.3 Are there any resources on the Net (like URLs) > associated with the BSD family of operating systems? > 0.4 How to add your pet answer to the FAQ. > 0.5 Administrivia. > 0.6 Does anyone reading this have any sense of humor at all? > > 1.0 I just downloaded all of 386bsd version 0.1 and I can't > get [some feature] to work? Do you have any suggestions? > > 1.1 Minimum hardware configuration recommended > 1.4 Where to get the source and binaries > 1.4.1 Where can I get the distribution on CD ROM? > 1.5.3 *BSD system mailing lists. > 1.5.4 System Updates. > 1.6 Documentation available > 1.6.1 BSD manuals > 1.6.2 BSD books > 1.6.6 The O'Reilly and Associates BSD 4.4 Set. > 1.6.7 Other FAQ's on the net that are relevant > 1.7.1 Official distribution sites > 2.0 Install process > 2.0.1 Boot disks (versions and media formats) > 2.0.1.1 I have the base system installed, and now I want to > install the rest of the system. Where did the 'extract' > program go? > 2.0.1.2a The floppy booted, but now the hard disk won't boot? > 2.0.1.2b I am trying to reinstall. I run install and it loops > asking me if I want to use the whole disk? > 2.0.1.4 What are the options on the boot prompt? > 2.0.1.5 I just used the '-s' option on the boot, but I can't > write anything onto the disk. What is wrong? If I use a > plain 'mount' command it tells me that my root file > system is read-only. > 2.1 Binary distribution > 2.1.1 I want to install by NFS but I am having all kinds of > problems connecting to the Sun server where the files > are. > 2.2 Configuration > 2.5.1 Partitions > 2.5.1.1 What is a 'disklabel' and why do I need one? > 2.2.1.2 What other kinds of information do I need if I really > want to tune my hard drive's performance in conjunction > with a newfs? > 2.2.2 Common Disk Label Problems. > 2.2.2.1 Increasing the *BSD partition size. > 2.2.2.2 I can access the DOS partition on my second disk from > Unix but not DOS? Any suggestions? > 2.2.2.3 I want to use my entire 2 Gig drive as the root > partition. Why doesn't it work? > 2.5.3 How do I set up the system so that I can boot from more > than one operating system/file-loader without using > floppies? > 2.2.3 How do I get the system to boot from the second hard > drive? > 2.2.4 How do I disklabel my second hard drive? > 2.2.5 NetBSD and FreeBSD cannot handle disk geometry > translations, but it turns out that my disk geometry is > translated. It has five zones, each with a different > sec/track! What kind of things can I do about the disk > translation my hard disk controller uses? > 2.2.6 I am having trouble installing on the EIDE hard drive. > What are some of the things that I need to look into? > 2.2.7 My disk label is complaining about '256 heads' in the > disklabel. This is obviously bogus, but it doesn't seem > to be hurting anything. Is it Okay or should I fix it? > 2.2.8 What are the options for the boot up prompt? > 2.2.9 I am having trouble installing WRT 'syslogd: bind: Can't > assign requested address' errors. What are some of the > things I should look at? I also am having trouble with > the network: 'starting network ... ifconfig: localhost: > badvalue'. > 2.2.10 When I start up my system, it hangs for three or four > minutes during the 'netstart' program. Our network > nameserver is working OK, and I use it all the time; my > resolv.conf file says to use the network nameserver. Why > would netstart have such problems using it? > 2.2.11 I am having trouble getting net aliases to work. What > could some of the problems be? > 2.2.12 I'm having trouble with the networking code > (specifically the PPP stuff to my ISP). How can I debug > NetBSD's networking? > 2.2.13 I want to hard wire my SCSI devices to a particular > device number. Is that possible? > 2.3 Common installation problems. > 2.3.2 Endless reboot cycles. > 2.4 The computer just sits there, or 'that isn't right'. > 2.4.1 The boot disk works all right on one computer but not > another. > 2.4.2 Really strange errors in the various *BSD flavors. > 2.4.2.2 Using the new code in NetBSD, I get a "panic: pdti > 206067" in pmap_enter(). What should I do? > 2.4.3a I get the error "isr 15 and error: isr 17" on an NE2000 > card. > 2.4.3b I have some card on IRQ2 and it doesn't work; why? > 2.4.3c I am getting lousy performance out of my network card. > What are some of the other possibilities? > 2.4.4 What is the difference between IRQ2 and IRQ9? Are they > really the same, or are they really different? > 2.4.5 Some of my SCSI devices (like a tape drive) don't work; > why? > 2.4.8 I want to use the Adaptec 1542C SCSI controller. What > are the problems/tricks you need to know to get it > working? > 2.4.9 My system boots OK off the floppy, but once I try to > boot from the hard drive, the message "changing root > device to sd0a" appears and the system hangs. What is > the most likely thing that I have done wrong? > 2.5 Other common problems that are attributed to the > installation process but are caused other places. > 2.5.1 I want to use more than 16 Megabytes of memory. Will any > of the BSD based systems support it? > 2.5.2 I tried to use a device in my computer that should be > there. When I did, I got a "Device not configured > error." What do I do now? > 2.6 Customizing the system to meet my needs. > 2.6.1 How do I get the system to not display the machine name, > but display our company name? > 2.6.2 I have a program that, under normal circumstances, > starts once a second. This regularly causes inetd to > terminate the program with a 'server failing (looping), > service terminated' error. How do I fix this? > 3.0 System Internals > 3.1 Kernel > 3.1.1 How do I build a kernel? > 3.1.1.1 Why does the kernel code for NetBSD still use the old > K&R style declarations when the ANSI declarations are SO > much better? > 3.1.1.2 How do I port NetBSD to another platform? > 3.1.2 I want to do one of the following things: > * add a device not in the distributed kernel (third com > port, additional disk or tape, line printer driver, > etc). > * use a patch from the net or the patchkit to fix a > kernel bug. > * add another swap device. > * recompile the kernel to remove extraneous devices so > that it takes up less space. > * configure more pseudo-terminals to allow for more > xterms or network logins. > 3.1.4 Now that I have a kernel, how do I install it? > 3.1.6 My system is complaining about stray interrupt 7. Is my > machine going to explode or anything? > 3.1.7 I keep getting "wd0c: extra interrupt". What does it > mean? > 3.1.8 I keep getting silo overflow messages, but the system > doesn't seem to mind. Is there a problem? > 3.1.9 I found a bug in the kernel. How do I report it? > 3.2 What exactly is this config file, anyway? What are all > of these cryptic notations? > 3.2.1 Okay, fine. Why shouldn't I just add every device I can > find to the kernel, so I'll never have to recompile this > again? > 3.2.2 What should I remove from the kernel? > 3.2.3 I can't get enough remote login sessions or xterm > sessions. I also can only get four sessions working at a > time. What can I do? > 3.2.4 How do I get ddb, the kernel debugger, compiled into the > kernel and running? > 3.2.5 I'm getting all kinds of errors when I try to build a > new version of GCC. How can I upgrade GCC to the most > current version? > 3.2.6 Can I patch the current running OS image? > 3.2.7 Can I have more than one config file? Should I rename it > to something else? Any other hints? > 3.2.9 I have been getting a lot of "virtual memory exhausted" > errors when I am compiling a program with a really big > static array. I have 128Meg of memory and 8Gig of swap. > How can this be happening? > 3.2.10 Where can I learn more about all this? > 3.2.11 Has the method for system call changed in NetBSD? > 3.2.12 Does anyone have a system building script that takes > things like building a new config and multiple config > files into account? > 3.2.12 How do I upgrade from my release version of NetBSD (and > probably FreeBSD) to the '-current' development sources? > > 3.2.13 Is there a Makefile that does all that happy > world-building stuff? > 3.2.14 Can NetBSD do cross compilation? > 3.3 X11/XFree86/XS3 > 3.3.1 What options should I define to get the X extensions > included? > 3.3.2 Where can I get the FAQ for 'X'? > 3.3.3 Why does X drop characters when using xdm? When I run > xdm from the console, it keeps losing keystrokes and the > shift keys don't always work. Why? > 3.3.5 Under NetBSD and FreeBSD, xlock (or any other program > that uses passwords) fails to validate user passwords. > Anyone know why? > 3.5 I want to run 'XYZA' which is dynamically linked and > from 'some other operating system'. What special things > do I have to do to get it working? > 3.6 You promised to talk about timezones below. Are you > going to? > 3.6.1 How do you change the timezone on NetBSD (FreeBSD > also?)? > 3.6.2 The translation between seconds-since-the-epoch and date > differs by about 18 seconds between BSD and other Unixes > when running ntp; why? > 3.7 How can I implement CVS to track MY changes to the > kernel source tree, yet still follow the -current > development tree? > 3.8 Optional Op-codes for NetBSD, FreeBSD, and other > systems. > 4.0 Introduction > 4.1 Common Kernel-related problems > 4.1.6 What about the termio, termios, and termcap stuff? > 4.1.6.1 Sometimes I have trouble with my system resetting the > terminal to seven bit mode. Isn't BSD eight bit clean? > 4.1.8 How do you implement quotas on Net/2 derived BSD > systems? > 4.1.9 What are the correct permissions for the /tmp, /usr/tmp, > and /var/tmp directories? > 4.2 Available kernel add-ons > 4.2.7 Loadable Kernel Modules > 4.3 Other program building type problems. > 4.3.1 I am building a program that requires access to the > crypt library. Either I have it and it isn't getting > copied into the executable, or I don't have it; why? > 4.3.2 I am having trouble with long file names in my > libraries. It seems like there is a 16 character limit > in the library somewhere. > 4.3.3 I'm getting annoyed with having this "conflicting types > for `sys_errlist'" problem show up nearly every time I > build a program. What do I need to do? > 4.4 System Administration Questions > 4.4.1 Where can I get good books about NetBSD or FreeBSD? > 4.4.2 I am concerned about system security. What should I do > to protect my system from net attacks? > 4.4.3 How can I log failed login attempts? > 4.4.4 Can I use a Concatenated Filesystem with NetBSD? > 4.4.4.1 Why, when I type "ccdconfig ccd0 16 none /dev/wd0a > > /dev/wd1a", do I get back "ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): > /dev/ccd0d: Device not configured"? > 4.4.5 I am really new to Unix System Administration. I need > some real basic help. > 4.4.5.1 What is the System Administrator's user name? > 4.4.5.2 I can't log in as 'su'. What does that message mean when > I log in as root. > 4.4.5.3 Are there any books I can 'bootstrap' myself with? > 4.4.5.4 How about some code examples? > 4.5 Daemon questions > 4.5.1 I'd like to use amd to mount a file system (/dev/sd0f > aka /usr/local) on another machine as "/usr/local". > What's the magic? > 4.5.2 I am having trouble with my nameserver refusing to > accept 'nslookup's from my SunOS machine after I > installed the resolver fix. The exact error message is > "*** Can't find server name for address 194.100.46.2: > Query refused". Can you help? > 4.5.3 Are there any alternatives to 'NIS' available for > NetBSD, et al.? > 4.6 Adding new users. > 4.6.1 Where can I FTP the 'adduser' program? > 5.0 Introduction > 5.1.4 A replacement curses program/library. > 5.2 Floppy Disk problems. > 5.2.1 How do I get a bootable floppy? > 5.2.2 How do I maximize the space on a mountable floppy disk. > 5.3 Character Device Driver info > 5.3.1 Printers > 5.3.2 Terminals/Keyboards > 5.3.3 Modems/FAX Modems > 5.3.3.1 How do I add a modem to *BSD: > 5.3.3.4 Adding a Dial-in/Dial-out FAX to NetBSD or FreeBSD. > 5.3.4 What is the trick for getting Kermit to work with rz and > sz? > 5.4 Tape Drives > 5.4.1 Does the tape need to be formatted? > 5.4.2 If I execute the command 'st -f /dev/st0 status', I get: > Archive/Tandberg? tape drive, residual=0, blocksize=512 > Density: high = 16 (0x10), medium = 15 (0xf), low = 5 > (0x5) ds=0 er=0 > 5.4.3 When is erst0 used? > 5.4.4 How is density (bpi) computed? I am using 3M DC 6250 > cassettes which have a 250MB capacity on the Viper 150. > But computing the bits/inch based on 250MB/tape-length > (1020 ft.), I get a density of 171335 bpi, which is > nowhere near the 10000 bpi associated with QIC-150 in > the st(1) man page. Why the discrepancy? > 5.4.5 How is an appropriate block size determined (and in what > units are they specified in the st(1) command)? > 5.4.6 From the 4.3BSD mtio(4) man page, it sounds like data is > typically (traditionally?) stored on tape in > eof-terminated sequences of 1K records. > 5.4.6.1 Is st's notion of "file" the record sequence between two > eof marks? > 5.4.6.2 What about a "record"? > 5.4.6.3 Is a "record" one "block", as determined by st's > "blocksize" command? If not, what is the connection > between them? > 5.4.6.4 Can I change the "record" size? > 5.4.6.5 When would I want a block size that is different from > the default? 1KB is the size of writes used by dd or > whatever. QIC specifies 512 byte records (well at least > its what people use..) Whatever you write in will be > broken into 512 byte sections. They must be multiples of > 512 though. > 5.4.7.1 How do I write several archives to a single tape? I > tried without success: $ st -f /dev/rst4 rewind $ tar cf > /dev/nst4 archive1 $ st -f /dev/nrst4 weof $ tar cf > /dev/nst4 archive2 $ st -f /dev/nrst4 weof > 5.4.7.2 Later, I would expect to be able to access, say, > archive3 via the fsf directive to skip over the first > two archives. What is the correct sequence? > 5.4.8 Since the Viper 150 writes on QIC-150/120, I guess I > don't need to worry about writing variable-length > records? How about reading a tape written with > variable-length records. Is this possible with the > Viper? If so, what's involved? > 5.4.9 The very scant documentation that came with my drive > mentions a "selectable buffer disconnect size," whose > default is 16K. This is evidently the "maximum number of > bytes that can be sent over the SCSI bus during a single > data transfer phase." What's that? How is it connected > st's "blocksize" command? Do I want to use 16K blocks, > or might I even want to set the disconnect size to a > higher value? > 5.4.10 What is "streaming"? When I tar a directory of files to > tape, I notice that the tape often stops. Streaming > means it doesn't stop? How would I get the viper 150 to > stream using tar or cpio or dump? > 5.4.13 My tape drive doesn't work. > 5.4.14 I am trying to restore a tape from a FreeBSD machine on > a Sun. What kinds of problems should I expect? > 5.4.15 What are the jumper settings for the Archive Viper tape > drive? > 5.4.16 My Viper-150 auto-detects fine; however, the first > attempt to read a tape fails after a boot due to an > "illegal SCSI command". What could be the problem? > 5.4.17 Why haven't we changed the defaults in rdump and > rrestore to something that makes sense? I was trying to > dump a filesystem to a remote tape and ran into an error > complaining about being unable to execute /etc/rmt. > 5.5 Network Stuff > 5.5.1 How can I get my system to work as a network router? > 5.5.2 I recently had a problem where I got a message that said > "panic: kmem_malloc: mb_map too small". What is the > solution to this problem? > 5.5.3 Does anyone have an example of a working gated.conf > file? I can't figure these instructions out at all. > 5.5.4 How do I set up Multicasting on my system? > 5.6 I want to use my ZIP drive. Are there any weird things I > need to know? > 6.0 Working with DOS and BNR/2 related software. > 6.1 Formatting a floppy > 6.2 Sharing the Disk with MS-DOS > 6.2.1 How can I partition my drive to support both MS-DOS and > *bsd? > 6.2.2 I can install using the whole disk, but I can't install > when I try to share the drive between *BSD and MS-DOS. > Why? > 6.2.4 Is there any hope of ever running MS-DOS applications > under any of the free BSD systems? > 6.2.5 How do I get Linux executables to run under NetBSD? > 6.3 Accessing the MS-DOS filesystem > 6.4 NFS/PC-NFS support > 6.4.1 Can I use 8K packets for NFS? When I try, I have all > kinds of problems. Specifically, I get 'ring buffer > overflows' or the performance is real bad. > 6.4.2 How do I get around the NFS "Permission denied" error? > 6.4.3 What does the message "BAD MNT RPC: RPC Authentication > error; why = Invalid client credential" mean when I try > to mount something from another machine? > 6.4.4 What does the message "Bad MNT RPC: RPC: Authentication > error; why = Client credential too weak" mean when I try > to mount something from another machine? > 6.4.5 I get a lot of 'ring buffer overflow' messages using NFS > and the ed0 driver. Is there a problem? > 6.4.6 I am getting really poor performance out of my network, > especially when talking to older networks or when > performing short file transfers. What's the problem? > 6.4.7 Is there any PC software that will allow me to use my > enormous PC with all of the unsupported hardware as a > PC-NFS server? > 6.5 How can I use mtools with the 'new' floppy naming > convention? > 7.0 Communications > 7.1 SLIP/CSLIP > 7.2 PPP > 7.3 TCP/IP > 7.4 UUCP > 7.4.1 TIP/CU > 7.4.2 What is the magic incantation that allows the modem to > dial? > 7.4.3 My modem on DOS COM3 or DOS COM4 works with DOS, but not > with *BSD. It is set up using IRQ 4 (or 3) respectively. > > 7.5 How do I configure my nameserver? > 7.6 Terminals > 7.7 My network manager (or UUCP feed site admin) just > informed me that the way I have installed sendmail > through my UUCP connection and has caused a sendmail > loop. Can you help me get sendmail installed correctly? > 7.8 Can network attached assets be used by/from NetBSD? > FreeBSD? OpenBSD? > 7.8.1 Is it possible to Network boot a NetBSD machine from a > network on a diskless Sparc? > 7.8.2 I have been working with FreeBSD 1.5.1 with some > machines configured as diskless. How can I do the same > for 2.0R (i.e., Which are the magic words to put in the > Kernel configuration file?) > 8.0 What hardware works! > 8.3.1 How do I configure multiport cards? Is there a > possibility of using multiport serial boards? How do you > configure an AST/4 in the kernel? It looks like the AST > driver only supports 4-port cards, but it looks like it > would be easy to add support for 8 ports ... or am I > wrong? > 8.3.3 What is the difference between baud and bits per second? > >